I cannot imagine for what purpose you would want to waste a perfectly good deer by shooting it with a .50 sniper...........But to answer your question, if/when you hit a bone, you can kiss a very large % of the animal goodbye.....lol Altho it all depends on exactly what bullet you use, its still going to cause a massive amount of damage.
Man ur getting funny as you slowly become an lod fart. For the op, elk and moose are more than 5 times bigger than the biggest(common) deer, and its common to see them grazing 6-800 yards across a canyon or in the middle of large parks(commonly called meadows) where they are hard to get closer.
50cal muzzle loader
50cal bmg
50cal beowulf
what you plan on lugging into the woods, it all depends on the bullet, 45/70 puts a big nasty hole in a deer, so i would imagine a bullet that can kill through a cinder block wall would do some damage